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Risky procedures Use of personal data obtained from a Government Department or Agency Deception Concealing the purposes of the research Concealing the sponsors of the research Covert observation Audio or visual recording without consent Recruitment via a third party or agency (does information get delivered) Withholding from one group specific treatments or methods of learning from which they may benefit Psychological interventions or treatments Administration of physical stimulation Invasive physical procedures Infliction of pain Use of records where participants can be identified Vulnerable populations Those in a dependent relationship with the researchers (e.g. Students/lecturers or employee/employer) Members of a socially identifiable group with special cultural or religious needs or political vulnerabilities (e.g., Maori ) Those who may be unable to give free informed consent because of difficulties in understanding the information statement (e.g., language difficulties) People whose ability to give consent is impaired Minors without parental or guardian consent Participants who may be identified (identifiable) in any final report without giving specific consent for this. People highly dependent on medical care Residents of a custodial institution Suffering a physical vulnerability Suffering a psychological disorder Injury Risk of injury means a probability of injury or a magnitude of injury greater than the population would encounter in daily life. Injury could be physical, economic, social, psychological, or legal. Physical injury internal or external wounds to body Economic injury -- e.g., damage to insurability, credit worthiness, credibility Social injury -- e.g., damage to working relationships, credibility Psychological injury -- e.g., stress, embarrassment, emotional stability Legal injury -- e.g., civil or criminal liability If any of these risks are present (related to topics, procedures, populations, likelihood or magnitude of injury), the researchers need to plan and implement extra precautions.     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